IBM AIX - Wikipedia. AIXDeveloper. IBMWritten in. COS family. Unix. Working state. Current. Source model. Closed source. Initial release. 19. Latest release. 7. October 5, 2. 01. Marketing target. Workstation, Server. Available in. English. ![]() Preface | 7 Preface This guide provides the information you need to configure, use, and maintain your product. About this guide This information describes the guide's. Platforms. ROMP, IBM POWER, Power. PC, x. 86 (IBM PS/2), System/3. ESA/3. 90. Kernel type. Monolithic with dynamically loadable modules. Default user interface. Korn shell (ksh. 88),[1][2]Common Desktop Environment,(Plasma Workspaces and GNOME optional)License. Proprietary. Official websitewww. AIX (Advanced Interactive e. Xecutive, pronounced [3]) is a series of proprietary. ![]() Unixoperating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms. Originally released for the IBM 6. RISCworkstation, AIX now supports or has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms, including the IBM RS/6. POWER and Power. PC- based systems, IBM System i, System/3. PS/2personal computers, and the Apple Network Server. AIX is based on UNIX System V with 4. BSD- compatible extensions. It is one of six commercial operating systems that have versions certified to The Open Group's UNIX 0. OS, Solaris, Inspur K- UX, HP- UX, and euler. OS ).[4]The AIX family of operating systems debuted in 1. RS/6. 00. 0 series on its launch in 1. IBM. It is currently supported on IBM Power Systems alongside IBM i and Linux. AIX was the first operating system to have a journaling file system, and IBM has continuously enhanced the software with features like processor, disk and network virtualization, dynamic hardware resource allocation (including fractional processor units), and reliability engineering ported from its mainframe designs.[5]History[edit]IBMRS/6. AIX file servers used for ibm. AIX Version 4 console login prompt. Unix started life at AT& T's Bell Labs research center in the early 1. DECminicomputers. By 1. 97. 6, the operating system was in use at various academic institutions, including Princeton, where Tom Lyon and others ported it to the S/3. OS under VM/3. 70.[6] This port would later grow out to become UTS,[7] a mainframe Unix offering by IBM's competitor Amdahl Corporation.[8] IBM's own involvement in Unix can be dated to 1. Bell Labs in doing its own Unix port to the 3. ESS switch's software). In the process, IBM made modifications to the TSS/3. Unix.[9]It took until 1. IBM to offer its own Unix on the S/3. IX/3. 70, which was developed by Interactive Systems Corporation and intended by IBM to compete with Amdahl UTS.[1. The operating system offered special facilities for interoperating with PC/IX, Interactive/IBM's version of Unix for IBM PC compatible hardware, and was licensed at $1. AIX Version 1, introduced in 1. IBM 6. 15. 0 RTworkstation, was based on UNIX System V Releases 1 and 2. In developing AIX, IBM and Interactive Systems Corporation (whom IBM contracted) also incorporated source code from 4. BSD UNIX. Among other variants, IBM later produced AIX Version 3 (also known as AIX/6. System V Release 3, for their POWER- based RS/6. Since 1. 99. 0, AIX has served as the primary operating system for the RS/6. IBM e. Server p. Series, then IBM System p, and now IBM Power Systems). AIX Version 4, introduced in 1. RS/6. 00. 0 SMP servers and continued to evolve through the 1. AIX 4. 3. 3 in 1. Version 4. 1, in a slightly modified form, was also the standard operating system for the Apple Network Server systems sold by Apple Computer to complement the Macintosh line. In the late 1. 99. Project Monterey, IBM and the Santa Cruz Operation planned to integrate AIX and Unix. Ware into a single 3. UNIX with particular emphasis on running on Intel. IA- 6. 4 (Itanium) architecture CPUs. A beta test version of AIX 5. L for IA- 6. 4 systems was released, but according to documents released in the SCO v. IBM lawsuit, less than forty licenses for the finished Monterey Unix were ever sold before the project was terminated in 2. In 2. 00. 3, the SCO Group alleged that (among other infractions) IBM had misappropriated licensed source code from UNIX System V Release 4 for incorporation into AIX; SCO subsequently withdrew IBM's license to develop and distribute AIX. IBM maintains that their license was irrevocable, and continued to sell and support the product until the litigation was adjudicated. AIX was a component of the 2. SCO v. IBM lawsuit, in which the SCO Group filed a lawsuit against IBM, alleging IBM contributed SCO's intellectual property to the Linux codebase. The SCO Group, who argued they were the rightful owners of the copyrights covering the Unix operating system, attempted to revoke IBM's license to sell or distribute the AIX operating system. In March 2. 01. 0, a jury returned a verdict finding that Novell, not the SCO Group, owns the rights to Unix.[1. AIX 6 was announced in May 2. June 2. 00. 7 until the general availability (GA) of AIX 6. November 9, 2. 00. Major new features in AIX 6. Addition of AES encryption type for NFS v. Live Partition Mobility on the POWER6 hardware. AIX 7. 1 was announced in April 2. AIX 7. 1 in September 2. Several new features, including better scalability, enhanced clustering and management capabilities were added. AIX 7. 1 includes a new built- in clustering capability called Cluster Aware AIX. AIX is able to organize multiple LPARs through the multipath communications channel to neighboring CPUs, enabling very high- speed communication between processors. This enables multi- terabyte memory address range and page table access to support global petabyte shared memory space for AIX POWER7 clusters so that software developers can program a cluster as if it were a single system, without using message passing (i. Inter- process Communication). AIX administrators can use this new capability to cluster a pool of AIX nodes. By default, AIX V7. Pinning kernel memory and the kernel stack for applications with real- time requirements can provide performance improvements by ensuring that the kernel memory and kernel stack for an application is not paged out.[1. AIX 7. 2[1. 5] was announced in October 2. December 2. 01. 5. AIX 7. 2 principal feature is the Live Kernel Update capability which allows OS fixes to replace the entire AIX kernel with no impact to applications. AIX 7. 2 was also restructured to remove obsolete components. The networking component, bos. Unlike AIX 7. 1, AIX 7. POWER7 or later processors. Supported hardware platforms[edit]IBM 6. RT[edit]The original AIX (sometimes called AIX/RT) was developed for the IBM 6. RT workstation by IBM in conjunction with Interactive Systems Corporation, who had previously ported UNIX System III to the IBM PC for IBM as PC/IX.[1. According to its developers, the AIX source (for this initial version) consisted of one million lines of code.[1. Installation media consisted of eight 1. M floppy disks. The RT was based on the ROMPmicroprocessor, the first commercial RISC chip. This was based on a design pioneered at IBM Research (the IBM 8. One of the novel aspects of the RT design was the use of a microkernel, called Virtual Resource Manager (VRM). The keyboard, mouse, display, disk drives and network were all controlled by a microkernel. One could "hotkey" from one operating system to the next using the Alt- Tab key combination. Each OS in turn would get possession of the keyboard, mouse and display. Besides AIX v. 2, the PICK OS also included this microkernel. Much of the AIX v. PL/8 programming language, which proved troublesome during the migration to AIX v. AIX v. 2 included full TCP/IP networking, as well as SNA and two networking file systems: NFS, licensed from Sun Microsystems, and Distributed Services (DS). DS had the distinction of being built on top of SNA, and thereby being fully compatible with DS on the IBM midrange AS/4. For the graphical user interfaces, AIX v. X1. 0R3 and later the X1. R4 and X1. 1 versions of the X Window System from MIT, together with the Athena widget set. Compilers for Fortran and C were available. One of the more popular desktop applications was the Page. Makerdesktop publishing software. IBM PS/2 series[edit]. AIX PS/2 running on Virtual PCAIX PS/2 (also known as AIX/3. Locus Computing Corporation under contract to IBM.[1. AIX PS/2, first released in 1. IBM PS/2personal computers with Intel 3. The product was announced in September 1. Extension package priced at $2. AIX were also sold separately in a Text Formatting System package priced at $2. The TCP/IP stack for AIX PS/2 retailed for another $3. The X Window package was priced at $1. C and FORTRAN compilers each had a price tag of $2. Partner Perspectives. Partner Perspectives. Partner Perspectives. White Papers. Current Issue. Digital Transformation Myths & Truths. Transformation is on every IT organization's to- do list, but effectively transforming IT means a major shift in technology as well as business models and culture. In this IT Trend Report, we examine some of the misconceptions of digital transformation and look at steps you can take to succeed technically and culturally.[Interop ITX 2. State Of Dev. Ops Report. The Dev. Ops movement brings application development and infrastructure operations together to increase efficiency and deploy applications more quickly. But embracing Dev. 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Minimal Steam UI Skin | Steam Skins. When it comes to interface customization, be it for Web browsers, operating systems or in- game user interfaces, there’s always one style that people clamor for – minimalist. With that in mind, here’s a look at Minimal Steam UI Skin, created by user Santo Pfingsten, based on earlier work by users Ph. TDD. Colors & Design. The colors haven’t been changed much. Minimal Steam UI V3 still makes use of the traditional black and white color scheme, although headings have been changed to a bright, blood red, green and blue in the games list. Several interface elements have been given a minor tweak – the min/max/close buttons are custom made, as is the new messages icon. Significant changes have been made to the header area, which is substantially thinner than the default. The number of menus has been reduced to three, while the Steam section links have been made much smaller and put onto the same line as the menu drop downs, along with the messages, and big picture icons, which are now next to the min/max/close buttons. The search bar has also been removed. Legibility. There are no issues when it comes to legibility. Most text is white on black, the font size is OK, and the chosen font is smooth and clear. Usability. For people coming from the standard skin, the menus will take a little while to get used to. Now that there’s only three, certain elements have been taken from the discarded ones and put into the three that remain. Otherwise, my only minor issue is that the icons on the right of the Steam header – messages, big picture mode, min/max/close are all very close together, which could easily lead to some frustrating misclicks. Verdict. If you’re looking for a minimalistic take on Steam’s interface, I’d absolutely recommend Minimal Steam UI V3. Before and After with Minimal Steam UI Skin: [twentytwenty][/twentytwenty]Screenshots. Minimal Steam UI Skin. Changelogs. Version 3. Version 3. 1. 8Updates for the Music Feature. ![]() A couple of changes to the navigator panel. Installation Instructions. Download the skin file below, you should get an archive with the “. Extract the ZIP or RAR and move the folder to. Windows: C: /Program Files (x. Steam/skins. MAC OS X: right- click Steam. Contents/Mac. OS/skins. Linux: ~/. local/share/Steam/skins/Open the Steam interface and in top tab, click on “Steam” / “Settings”. Then open the Interface section. Find the option “Select the skin you wish Steam to use (requires Steam to restart)” and choose the skin that you want. Completely shut down and restart Steam. That was all; now you must have another interface. Disable/Uninstall. Only go back to the Interface tab in Steam’s Settings and select a different skin. Note: In the skin folder, there is a settings. Open it with a text editor. In this file you can change the themes color, just follow the instructions in the file. Colored Themes: Red / Green / Blue Credit: Ph. TDD & TTK- Bandit – Steam Group. ![]() Credits to: PvtMcKain: The way to launch the mod is: Steam Installation Instructions Go to C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\SteamApps\common\Star Wars Empire at War. Opmerkingen: 1. Het is vereist om eerst de FDBv16v1.0 en de FDB16v1.5 te downloaden. Notes: 1. You have to download the FDB16v1.0 and the FDB16v1. If your steam is installed on C:\ there should be no need to changed path and all you have to do is click "Install vridge drivers". However sometimes SteamVR folder. DMP files (dump files) are useful for debugging Windows, so you should know how to open and read DMP files in Windows 7 or 8.1 if you want to debug blue. ![]() The fastest free You. Tube Downloader. Method 1: Recommended! The fastest and simplest way to download videos you need from You. Tube is to install Save.
From. net helper. INSTALLMethod 1: (Recommended!). The fastest and simplest way to download videos and music you need from You. Tube is to install Ummy Video Downloader. You. Tube. com is the most popular video hosting resource and the third most. The success of this project owes to its. You. Tube for free. Not every video can be saved using common. Save. From. net presents the fastest ways to download videos from. You. Tube, providing the best quality of the videos saved from. You. Tube. Try it once and you will agree that this is the most. You. Tube video downloader you ever used! Check how to get a video or music from You. ![]() Tube in one click. Find your favourite video on You. Tube, copy the link to the video from the address bar of your browser and paste it to Ummy Video Downloader. Choose the required format and click Download button. Method 2. Browser extension. How to download a videofrom the homepage? Install Save. From. As soon as the extension is installed, you will be able to download a video right from the homepage. Click the "Download" button and choose one of available formats. Download and enjoy! How to download HD or MP3from the home page? To do this, you need to download a free program called Ummy Video Downloader. Installation instructions can be found here. After you have installed the extension, you will see a "Download" button under each video. Click it and select "HD via Ummy" or "MP3 via Ummy". Attention! This method is only available to Windows XP/Vista/7/8 users. Method 2. Method 3. Download a You. Tube video via SSyoutube. How to download a videowithout the Helper? While you are on You. Tube. com just add "ss" to the video URL in order to start the default You. Tube downloader. For instance: Original URL: http: //youtube. YOcm. Ss. Bfafg. URL for downloading: http: //ssyoutube. YOcm. Ss. Bfafg. Method 3. Method 4. Download a You. Tube video via "sfrom. How to download a videofrom any web page? While you are on the website where a video is posted add "sfrom. URL address and press Enter. This tutorial shows how to download YouTube videos to your PC or Mac. For example: sfrom. You'll get the list containing direct links for all videos posted on the chosen web page. Method 4. Method 5. Download a video via Save. From. net. How to download a videovia Save. From. net? »The common way of using the free You. Tube downloader: open Save. From. net and enter the URL address of the webpage you want to download from into the field on the top of the page. Click the "Download" button on the right and you will get the list containing all available links. Choose a format and download. As simple as that! ![]() ![]() "We thought it would be good to fix that, if we could do it in a way that didn't stop players from being able to voice their opinions". TriniJungleJuice takes you on an exclusive joyride around the World of Carnivals and Caribbean Entertainment. ![]() Top 1. 00 old- school hip- hop songs. I’m a huge fan of old- school hip- hop music and have wanted for some time to put down some kind of ranking of my favorite songs from that era. I’ve been working on this post since late February, but it’s finally done now that the draft crush and our summer east coast swing are over. It started out as a top 4. I figured I’d just push it to 1. This is list is entirely my opinion, and maybe 9. I personally like the songs, with the other 1. And it’s about how the songs have held up over time, not which songs I liked when they first came out or how they fared on the charts. I’ve limited the list to songs released, either as singles or on albums, prior to 1. A list of the top 10 best running songs. Songs that will get you to push harder, even when it really freaking hurts.That cutoff means no Jay- Z or Eminem and virtually no Nas or Outkast, to pick a few examples, but with one exception (a song recorded before the deadline but released afterwards) I stuck to the deadline for all tracks. Enjoy. 1. 00. “Check Yo Self” – Ice Cube. Samples an early hip- hop classic, “The Message,” that was already dated before the 1. Das Efx on the chorus. ![]() Ice Cube’s lyrics often led to controversy – something I doubt he minded since even bad publicity sells records – but I don’t think the anti- gay lines in this song would fly today like they did in the early ’9. Corrected on 7/7 – added this song to remove an ineligible song from higher on the list.)9. Gotta Get Mine” – MC Breed featuring 2. Pac. No disrespect to MC Breed, who died of kidney failure when he was 3. Pac is the main attraction here, one of five appearances for him on this list. Snoop Dogg references this song at the beginning of the second verse of “Gin and Juice.”9. Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos” – Public Enemy. Perhaps the greatest opening lines in the history of hip hop: “I got a letter from the government/The other day/I opened, and read it/It said they were suckers/They wanted me for the army or whatever/Picture me givin’ a damn, I said never.”9. Fuck tha Police” – NWAI always wondered if this was mostly a publicity stunt (that worked). I’m not doubting the anti- police sentiment behind it, but the title is so clownishly incendiary that it was a lock to get negative attention in the mainstream media, which would sell more records. In that sense, it’s brilliant. The song was surpassed by its own marketing. Walk This Way” – Run- DMCMore here for its importance than the quality of the rhymes. It’s hard to express their mainstream influence unless you lived through it; they had street credibility but were inoffensive enough to be marketed to white, suburban audiences. Unfortunately most of their catalog sounded dated within a decade of its release. The Humpty Dance” – Digital Underground. It was written as a novelty, it became a hit as a novelty, and like most novelty hits it wrecked the artist’s career when they couldn’t produce another song just like it. That’s too bad, because they were one of the most interesting acts of the late ’8. Kiss You Back” their run was good for about an album and a half. Holy Intellect” – Poor Righteous Teachers. No shot of crossover success for a group that rapped almost entirely about their Islamic faith, but the speed and quality of the rhyming here is remarkable. Ain’t Sayin Nothin” – Divine Styler. Remember House of Pain’s line in “On Point” about how “I used to rap with the Divine Styler?” He was actually a hell of an MC, and just about anything from that first album is worth listening to. His second disc was a wildly experimental jazz/rap/ambient fusion that was way ahead of its time, and he took a long break before coming back with a late- 9. Islam that had one standout track, “Make It Plain.”9. Chief Rocka” – Lords of the Underground. These guys came along a little too late, when the west coast scene was paramount and east coast groups had a harder time breaking through even if their sound was more overtly commercial. Express Yourself” – NWAI love hearing Dr. Dre rap about how marijuana causes “brain damage/and brain damage on the mike can’t manage” about five years before creating his magnum opus and naming it after the drug. True Fu- Schnick” – Fu- Schnickens. Total novelty act, but I admit, I love hearing how quickly Chip- Fu can drop rhymes. For a one- trick act, it’s a good trick. Rock Box” – Run- DMCJam Master Jay really held this group together, as neither Run nor DMC were especially gifted rappers. Rock the Bells” – LL Cool JThe low production values on a lot of early hip- hop classics, including Audio Two’s “Top Billin” and BDP’s “Criminal Minded,” makes them relatively hard to listen to today. This one survives because of the strength and ferocity of LL’s rhymes, which soon gave way to the Smoove B- like persona that dominated his later work (and set him up well for a career in Hollywood). Hot Sex” – A Tribe Called Quest“I heard she likes a two- on- one like my man John Ritter.” Never a big fan of Phife’s – Q- Tip carried all of the weight for the Tribe – but that’s among his best lines. Eric B. is President” – Eric B. Rakim“I came in the door/I said it before/I never let the mike magnetize me no more.” There’s something about a debut single that makes an announcement that the artist has arrived, and the entire genre is about to get a swift kick in the ass. Rap’s greatest MC with one of its greatest DJs combine for a track that remains memorable even though it sounds like it was recorded on a handheld cassette recorder. Ain’t No Half Steppin” – Big Daddy Kane. A poor cousin to his two real standout tracks, which are much further up the list. A Roller Skating Jam Named Saturday” – De La Soul. Speaking of self- immolation, why did De La Soul fight to shed the alternative- rap label that brought them so much success? I never understand artists trying to be less commercial. If you want to make less commercial music for artistic reasons, but deliberately flipping off your audience by creating less interesting content is insane. Funkin’ Lesson” – X- Clan. The Afro- centric rap movement died a quick and probably justified death, but these guys were pioneers in their heavy use of P- Funk shortly before that became the foundation for most west coast rap and the “G- Funk” movement. Vapors” – Biz Markie. Biz Markie was a legitimate rapper before the novelty hit I won’t even deign to name here, and a pretty good beat- boxer as well. The Formula” – The D. O. C. The DOC appears on this list three times from his incredible and somewhat overlooked debut album, after which a bad car accident wrecked his voice and ended his hip hop career. The whole disc stands up well against The Chronic and Doggystyle even though it came out three years earlier, with similarly funky beats, clever wordplay, and plenty of weapon- filled boasting. Rump Shaker” – Wreckx- n- Effect. Not Teddy Riley’s best track – that would be Blackstreet’s “No Diggity” – but a worthwhile novelty hit with the raunchiest use of state names in rap history. Nuttin But Love” – Heavy DThe Overweight Lover’s stuff hasn’t aged all that well either, although I admit a certain guilty pleasure in “We Got Our Own Thang; ” this track has his best rhyming by far and one of the most memorable lines in any video from the 1. Yo, that’s that Noxzema girl!” Heavy D was born in Jamaica but reggae was always a background note in his music before this album, where you could hear its influence more strongly. Quik is the Name” – DJ Quik. I remember seeing DJ Quik appear on the Billboard top 2. How the hell did someone I’d never heard of end up with a top 2. I hadn’t heard of him because west coast rap got very little airplay or even word- of- mouth on the east coast at that point; his success was regional at a time when rap was never heard on pop radio. On Fire” – Stetsasonic“And rock and roll could never hip hop like this.” The line that spawned an alternative classic from the 1. Handsome Boy Modeling School, one- half of which was Stetsasonic mastermind Prince Paul. Welcome to the Terrordome” – Public Enemy. This song seemed like a major disappointment when it came out, because it had all of the urgency of It Takes a Nation of Millions… without the same caliber of lyrics or music; it felt like PE had rushed the track (and album) out to capitalize on the late- blooming success of their previous album. But today the urgency of the track stands out, and it marked one of Chuck D’s last great lyrical achievements before the group faded into the hip- hop background. Nappy Heads” – Fugees. Did any rap act every do less with more than the Fugees? Eminem Spits 6. 07. Words In New Single Rapgod,1. Words Per Minute,in 6minutes - Music/Radio. Eminem's new album has been buzz- worthy allthroughout 2. Monday's premiere of "Rap. God," the second single from the upcoming"Marshall Mathers LP 2" has received explosive reactions from fans as the 4. It may be time for Kanye West and Jay Z to surrender and watch Eminem on the throne. Earlier than expected, #RAPGOD is here. It will beavailable on i. Tunes Midnight ET tonight,” Eminemtweeted. Released on You. Tube on Monday, Eminem"Rap God" has reached over 2 million views bymidday Tuesday.“I’m beginning to feel like a Rap God / All my peoplefrom the front to the back nod,” the lyrics goes."Be a king? Think not - why be a king when you canbe a God?"In "Rap God," Eminem spits 6,0. Bro Bible. That's whopping. Eminem just put every other rapper in the industryto shame with #Rap. God," a twitter user commented."i dont think i say as many words in a day as eminemdoes in rap god, aside from that fact that his allrhyme…" tweets another."Eminem is just top notch all the way, Rap God wasthe surprise we needed, outstanding work. Hopethere is just positive from now on," another fanpraised."I'm thinking that Eminem came at Kanye with Rap. God," reads another Twitter message. The highly anticipated new album awaits its Nov. While you may not want to worship Eminem, perhapshe is really a rap genius.(The entire lyrics below)[Intro]Look, I was gonna go easy on you and not to hurtyour feelings. But I'm only going to get this one chance. Something's wrong, I can feel it (Six minutes, Slim. Shady, you're on)Just a feeling I've got, like something's about tohappen, but I don't know what. If that means, what I think it means, we're in trouble– big trouble – and if he is as bananas as you say, I'mnot taking any chances. You were just what the doctor ordered[Bridge]I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap God. All my people from the front to the back nod, backnod. Now who thinks their arms are long enough toslapbox, slapbox? They said I rap like a robot, so call me Rapbot[Verse 1]But for me to rap like a computer must be in mygenes. I got a laptop in my back pocket. My pen'll go off when I half rooster it. Got a fat knot from that rap profit. Made a living and a killing off it. Ever since Bill Clinton was still in office. With Monica Lewinsky feeling on his nut sack. I'm an MC still as honest. But as rude and indecent as all hell. Syllables, killaholic (Kill 'em all with)This slickety, gibbedy, hibbedy hip hop. You don't really wanna get into a pissing match withthis rappidy rap. Packing a Mac in the back of the Ac, pack backpackrap, yep, yackidy- yac. And at the exact same time. I attempt these lyrical acrobat stunts while I'mpracticing that. I'll still be able to break a motherfuckin' table. Over the back of a couple of gays and crack it inhalf. Only realized it was ironic I was signed to Aftermathafter the fact. How could I not blow? All I do is drop F- bombs, feelmy wrath of attack. Rappers are having a rough time period, here's amaxipad. It's actually disastrously bad for the wack. While I'm masterfully constructing this masterpieceas[Bridge]I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap God. All my people from the front to the back nod, backnod. Now who thinks their arms are long enough toslapbox, slapbox? Let me show you maintaining this poo ain't thathard, that hard[Verse 2]Everybody want the key and the secret to rapimmortality like I have got. Well, to be truthful the blueprint's simply rage andyouthful exuberance. Everybody loves to root for a nuisance. Hit the earth like an asteroid, did nothing but shootfor the moon since. MC's get taken to school with this music. Cause I use it as a vehicle to bust a rhyme. Now I lead a new school full of students. Me? I'm a product of Rakim, Lakim Shabazz, 2. Pac N- -W. A, Cube, hey, Doc, Ren, Yella, Eazy, thank you,they got Slim. Inspired enough to one day grow up, blow up and bein a position. To meet Run DMC and induct them into themotherfuckin' Rock n'Roll Hall of Fame. Even though I walk in the church and burst in a ballof flames. Only Hall of Fame I be inducted in is the alcohol offame. On the wall of shame. You gays think it's all a game 'til I walk a flock offlames. Off of planking, tell me what in the Bleep are youthinking? Little gay looking boy. So gay I can barely say it with a straight face lookingboy. You witnessing a massacre. Like you watching a church gathering take placelooking boy. Oy vey, that boy's gay, that's all they say looking boy. You get a thumbs up, pat on the back. And a way to go from your label everyday looking boy. Hey, looking boy, what you say looking boy? I got a "hell yeah" from Dre looking boy. I'mma work for everything I have. Never ask nobody for poo, get outta my face lookingboy. Basically boy you're never gonna be capable. To keep up with the same pace looking boy[Bridge]I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap God. All my people from the front to the back nod, backnod. The way I'm racing around the track, call me Nascar,Nascar. Dale Earnhardt of the trailer park, the White Trash. God. Kneel before General Zod this planet's Krypton, no. Asgard, Asgard[Verse 3]So you be Thor and I'll be Odin. You rodent, I'm omnipotent. Let off then I'm reloading immediately with thesebombs I'm totin'And I should not be woken. I'm the walking dead, but I'm just a talking head, azombie floating. But I got your mom deep Drinking. I'm out my ramen noodle. We have nothing in common, poodle. I'm a doberman, pinch yourself in the arm and payhomage, pupil. It's me, my honesty's brutal. But it's honestly futile if I don't utilize what I dothough. For good at least once in a while. So I wanna make sure somewhere in this chickenscratch I scribble and doodle. Enough rhymes to maybe to try and help get somepeople through tough times. But I gotta keep a few punchlines just in case causeeven you unsigned. Rappers are hungry looking at me like it's lunchtime. I know there was a time where once IWas king of the underground, but I still rap like I'mon my Pharoahe Monch grind. So I crunch rhymes, but sometimes when youcombine. Appeal with the skin color of mine. You get too big and here they come trying to censoryou. Like that one line I said on "I'm Back" from the. Marshall Mathers LPOne where I tried to say I take seven kids from. Columbine. Put 'em all in a line, add an AK- 4. See if I get away with it now that I ain't as big as Iwas, but I've Morphed into an immortal comingthrough the portal. You're stuck in a timewarp from 2. And I don't know what the Bleep that you rhyme for. You're pointless as Rapunzel with bleeping cornrows. You're like normal, Bleep being normal. And I just bought a new Raygun from the future. To just come and shoot ya like when Fabolous made. Ray J mad. Cause Fab said he looked like a gay at Maywhether’spad. Singin' to a man while they played piano. Man, oh man, that was a 2. So Ray J went straight to the radio station the verynext day''Hey, Fab, I'mma kill you''Lyrics coming at you at supersonic speed, (JJ Fad)Uh, sama lamaa duma lamaa you assuming I'm ahuman. What I gotta do to get it through to you I'msuperhuman. Innovative and I'm made of rubber. So that anything you saying ricocheting off of me andit'll glue to you. I'm never stating, more than never demonstrating. How to give a motherfuckin' audience a feeling likeit's levitating. Never fading, and I know that the haters are foreverwaiting. For the day that they can say I fell off, they'd becelebrating. Cause I know the way to get 'em motivated. I make elevating music, you make elevator music. Oh, he's too mainstream. Well, that's what they do when they get jealous, theyconfuse it. It's not hip hop, it's pop, cause I found a hella way tofuse it. With rock, shock rap with Doc. Throw on "Lose Yourself" and make 'em lose it. I don't know how to make songs like that. I don't know what words to use. Let me know when it occurs to you. While I’m ripping any one of these verses diverse asyou. It’s curtains, I’m inadvertently hurtin' you. How many verses I gotta murder to prove. That if you're half as nice at songs you can sacrificevirgins too. School flunkie, pill junky. But look at the accolades the skills brung me. Full of myself, but still hungry. I bully myself cause I make me do what I put mymind to. And I'm a million leagues above you, ill when I speakin tongues. But it's still tongue in cheek, Bleep you. I'm drunk so Satan take the bleeping wheel, I'm asleepin the front seat. Bumping Heavy D and the Boys, still chunky, butfunky. French Franc. Money Management | www. The franc also commonly distinguished as the French franc (FF), was a currency of France. Between 1. 36. 0 and 1. It was reintroduced (in decimal form) in 1. It was revalued in 1. The franc also commonly distinguished as the French franc (FF), was a currency of France. Between 13, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and. NF) being worth 1. The NF designation was continued for a few years before the currency returned to being simply the franc; the French continued to reference and value items in terms of the old franc (equivalent to the new centime) until the introduction of the euro in 1. The French franc was a commonly held international reserve currency in the 1. Henry III exploited the association of the franc as sound money worth one livre tournois when he sought to stabilize French currency in 1. By this time, inflows of gold and silver from Spanish America had caused inflation throughout the world economy and the kings of France, who weren’t getting much of this wealth, only made things worse by manipulating the values assigned to their coins. The States General which met at Blois in 1. Henry III agreed to do this and he revived the franc, now as a silver coin valued at one livre tournois. This coin and its fractions circulated until 1. Louis XIII of France replaced it with the silver ? Nevertheless, the name "franc" continued in accounting as a synonym for the livre tournois. France was a founding member of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU) in 1. The common currency was based on the franc germinal, with the name franc already being used in Switzerland and Belgium, whilst other countries used their own names for the currency. In 1. 87. 3, the LMU went over to a purely gold standard of 1 franc = 0. A consent order of permanent injunction entered by Judge Conley on March 8, 2. Omukwe, Jade. FX and Jade Investments Group violated the CEA by defrauding customers in connection with foreign exchange transactions. It also finds that Jade. FX and Omukwe violated the CEA and Commission regulations by failing to register as RFEDs and that Omukwe violated the CEA and Commission regulations by failing to register as an associated person of an RFED. Nearly two years of relative political stability has allowed the Government of Cote d’Ivoire (GOCI) to focus on continued economic recovery following the 2. 5 MIL RECEITAS CULINÁRIAS São 5000 pratos da culinaria brasileira, regional e mundial. Acesse www.cdon.com.br/5milreceitas. BIBLIOTECA JURÍDICA EM CD. A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses or gains that may be incurred by a companion investment. In simple language, a hedge is used to. Returning the country to its former status as West Africa’s regional economic and financial powerhouse has been the guiding principle of President Ouattara’s initial policy objectives. In 2. 01. 2, these efforts began to bear fruit, with estimated GDP growth of 8. Significant legislative steps were also taken to improve business conditions and encourage foreign private investment. Successful efforts to implement reform in the public finance, energy, cocoa, and coffee sectors helped the country to attain the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) completion point in June, and thus receive significant debt relief. There have been sizeable private and public infrastructure investments in the road, transport and energy sectors, as well as growth in manufacturing, services, mining and petroleum and gas production. This general improvement in the investment climate was reinforced by passage of the 2. Investment Code, which is designed to attract private sector capital and reinforce confidence in the market. Government and IMF forecasts for continued strong GDP growth in 2. FRF | French Franc | OANDA. FRF. Information about the ISO code FRF. The French Franc was the national currency of France until the introduction of the Euro in 1. News about Forex French Franc. Marine Le Pen Wants France Out Of The Euro, Will Redenominate French Debt In New Currency. Marine Le Pen Wants France Out Of The Euro, Will Redenominate French Debt In New Currency. French presidential candidate and National Front leader, Marine Le Pen, said she wants to take France out of the euro, reiterating comments …. Marine Le pen calls for new French currency and pledges referendum on EU membership. Marine Le pen calls for new French currency and pledges referendum on EU membership. Merco. Press · 8 minutes ago. Front National leader Marine Le Pen has called for a new French currency and pledged to hold a referendum on .. Le Pen: Let’s Frexit, Bring Back National French Currency. Le Pen: Let’s Frexit, Bring Back National French Currency. French presidential candidate Marine Le Pen said she wants to take France out of the Euro and reintroduce a new national currency after …. French franc - Wikipedia. French_franc. The franc (/ f r ? French: ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the French franc (FF), was a currency of France. History · Coins · Banknotes · De facto currency · International .. Franc - Wikipedia. Franc. The franc (?) is the name of several currency units. The French franc was the former currency of France until the euro was adopted in 1. Origins · French franc · CFA and CFP francs · Comorian franc. French Francs and Euro currency conversion and money. All you need to convert currency and money to and from French Francs and Euros. Exchange. Rate. com - Currency Information French Franc. Currency Information. French Franc information. Learn more about money, currency, banknotes, coins, history, as well as current and past exchange rates. View photos and use the …. XE Currency Converter: FRF to EUR. XE Currency Converter - Live Rates. FRF - French Franc. Our currency rankings show that the most popular France Franc exchange rate is the FRF to USD rate. The currency code for Francs is FRF. Calculator for French Francs (FRF) Currency Exchange Rate .. FRF. French Franc (FRF) Currency Exchange Rate Conversion Calculator: .. To show French Francs and just one other currency click on any other currency. XE: Convert FRF/USD. France Franc to United States Dollar. XE Currency Converter - Live Rates. FRF to USD currency converter. Get live exchange rates for France Franc to United States Dollar. Use XE's free calculator to convert foreign currencies and precious .. XPF | CFP Franc | OANDA. XPF. Overview. The Central Pacific Franc (CFP) is used by the French overseas collectives: French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia. The currency was later .. French currency - definition of French currency by the .. French+currency. Define French currency. French currency synonyms, .. French franc - formerly the basic unit of money in France. CHF (Swiss Franc) Definition | Investopedia. The currency abbreviation for the Swiss franc (CHF), the currency for Switzerland. Switzerland has four official languages; therefore, the currency is known as .. Wiktionary. https: //en. Dec 0. 2, 2. 01. 6 · franc m ?(plural francs) franc (currency) Frank (one of the Franks) French Pronunciation . IPA : /f???/ Etymology .. From Old French franc .. FOREX Africa: The CFA Franc aka The African Euro | AFKInsider. What exactly is the CFA franc? It is the legal currency of 1. African countries, 1. French- African colonial empire. Convert French franc to United States dollar - foreign .. FRF- to- USD. html. Convert foreign exchange units. Easily convert French franc to United States dollar, convert fr. Many other converters available for free. French Franc - F Definition | Investopedia. DEFINITION of 'French Franc - F' A currency used in France, prior to the introduction of the euro. The French franc, whose symbol was "F" or "FF," was the national .. Currency information for France | STA Travel | France currency. Visit STA Travel today for a few sample prices and current France dollar exchange rates to help you budget better. French currency. french franc currency | e. Bay. www. ebay. com › Search › french franc currency. Find great deals on e. Bay for french franc currency and french flag. Shop with confidence. Exchange. Rate. com - Currency Converter USD to FRF. USD/FRF. Currency Exchange Rate for US Dollar USD to French Franc FRF. Forex Brokers in France - Investing. A complete directory of all the Forex Brokers with offices in France. Convert French Francs (FRF) and United States Dollars (USD .. FRF_USD. html. Calculator to convert money in French Franc (FRF) to and from United States Dollar (USD) using up to date exchange rates. Bay. www. ebay. com › Search › french currency. Find great deals on e. Bay for french currency and french paper money. Shop with confidence. CHF (Swiss Franc) - Latest News, Analysis and Forex .. Latest CHF market news, analysis and Swiss Franc trading forecast from leading Daily. FX experts and research team. French franc officially becomes worthless - latimes. Feb 1. 7, 2. 01. 2 · France's former currency is .. Solved: I am having an issue getting past this one roadblock on getting a fresh install of Window 7 Enterprise on a newly purchased M800z All-in-One. How to Maximize Space on your SSD Hard Drive in Windows 7 using Symbolic Links. Update, April 1. 7 2. If you move your winsxs folder to another drive, important/critical Windows Updates will fail with error code 8. Windows Update won’t work with junctioned files, it requires hardlinks to the actual location of the data. There are a number of nefarious activities to watch out for when your Social Security number has been compromised. With the recent Equifax data breach, you might be. Latest trending topics being covered on ZDNet including Reviews, Tech Industry, Security, Hardware, Apple, and Windows. There was a workaround for this in Windows Vista, but stopped working as of SP1. You can still move the folder to save space, but won’t be able to run any more updates! Update, July 6 2. Here’s a handy article that explains the winsxs folder in detail, for those of you who just want to understand “why?!”If you’re anything like me, you want to run the latest- greatest programs on the newest operating systems available — and the worst thing you can do is sit and stare at loading screens. Your time is too important! One of the best ways get blazing- fast performance from your computer is to run your OS from an SSD hard drive. But, while they may be fast, let’s face it — they’re definitely not the biggest hard drives in the world. Because 5. 00. GB+ drives are so inexpensive nowadays, the latest- greatest programs and operating systems all seem to assume everybody has tons of extra space. But what if you’re installing them onto an SSD hard drive? Do you really have 1. GB to waste on a collection of restore points, previous updates, and cache files for 7 languages you don’t even speak? While programs like CCleaner are very helpful, deleting cache and temporary files are only going to free up so much space. No, it’s time for drastic measures! Today, I freed up over 1. GB of space on my SSD hard drive — without losing a single file. Here’s how I did it! The Investigation. This week, my Limited Edition copy of Crysis 2 arrived. It was a no- brainer which drive I wanted to install it on: my Corsair SSD. When I saw the system requirements, though — “at least 9 GB of free space” — I was a bit surprised to see I only had 3. GB left!“What the heck? Where did all my space go?!”With the help of Tree. Size Free, I was quickly able to identify where all my free space went (see the program in action here.)The first culprit was a huge (5. GB) folder named “winsxs” which sat in the Windows directory. Looking through it, I found a collection folders with scary names and locked permissions. The first thing I did was search for “delete winsxs” on Google — and found a ton of pages which almost unanimously told me to leave it alone.“Come on, really?” I thought. I’ve only been using Windows 7 for 3 months. What happens when the winsxs folder hits 2. GB? What do I do — uninstall the programs I need to run my business?”The Solution. Eventually, I came upon a forum discussion which told me exactly how to remove it. WARNING: Proceed at your own risk. Incorrectly performing the following procedure may cause irreversible damage to your OS. It is highly recommended to backup your system before proceeding. Below is the procedure: You will need two utilities: Pend. Moves and Move. File. Place them in \Windows\System. Procedure: 1. In Windows Explorer navigate to the \Windows\Win. SXS directory. Right click the directory to bring up the quick menu and select Properties. Click the Security tab to view the security properties. You will need to assign the Administrator user account ownership of the directory and then grant the Administrators group Full Access. Open an administrator command prompt, and create a dummy directory. Execute “mkdir c: \windows\winsxs. Next, create a junction (like a Symbolic link for Vista). Execute “mklink /J c: \windows\winsxs. Now delete the winsxs. Execute “rmdir c: \windows\winsxs. Now we will use Move. File to schedule renaming of the Win. SXS directory at reboot. This is the magic that will give us control over the directory. From the administrator command prompt, execute “movefile c: \windows\winsxs c: \windows\winsxs. As you can see, this is renaming the Win. Sx. S directory before Vista can get a lock. From the command prompt, run “movefile c: \windows\winsxs. This puts a winsxs directory back (as far as Vista is concerned), so everything doesn’t collapse in a heap. From the command prompt, run “pendmoves“. It will show the two pending moves you’ve entered above, with NO ERRORS. If it all looks good, REBOOT![Note from Jody: at this point, when I rebooted my machine, I was a bit discouraged by the resulting blue screen. After a bit of confusion, I entered a command prompt from Startup Repair and put everything back to the way it was before I started. I then repeated steps 1- 8, being extra- careful this time. Success!]9. On reboot the critical renames/moves will execute, and the Win. Sx. S directory will be unlocked and able to be moved in the next steps. Open an administrator command prompt, and execute “dir c: \windows\winsxs*“. If you performed the previous steps correctly, you’ll see a Win. Sx. S. moved directory and the Win. Sx. S junction. If it did not work, repeat the above steps. Our next step is to relocate the Win. SXS directory and amend the junction. Using Windows Explorer, COPY the entire Win. Sx. S. moved directory to a \Windows directory on another partition or drive. When the copy is finished, rename the new directory from Win. Sx. S. moved to Win. Sx. S. 1. 3. Go to an administrator command prompt and execute “rmdir c: \windows\winsxs“. Then, execute “mklink /J c: \windows\winsxs d: \windows\winsxs“. To be sure everything is happy, in Windows Explorer browse to c: \windows\winsxs. You will see all of the files. Even though they are actually on your other partition or drive)1. Reboot. 17. After reboot, you should be able to delete c: \windows\winsxs. FINALLY liberate all that disk space. Whew! Now take a bow. This process can also be applied to the Windows Updates directory. When you download Windows Updates etc., the files get placed into C: \Windows\Software. Distribution, and this will quickly become huge. It is easier though… stop the Automatic Update service, move directory, create junction, restart service, DONE! The Permissions. As it turned out, step 1. Delete.” Though I was able to copy the folder to a different drive without hassle, deleting them would be another exciting episode of setting file and folder permissions.“Take Ownership” is a great way to set permissions for files, but the right- click option disappears once you have more than 1. There were over 1. I was gonna do them 1. I needed a recursive script that would go through every single folder and set permissions. I found it here! (Note: this script refers to a file which can be downloaded here.)To get it to work, I typed the following from a command prompt: takecontrolof c: \windows\winsxs. After that, I was finally able to delete the folder. Success! 9 GB freed — and no files were lost! The Fun Continues!“Well that was exciting! How much more space can I free up?”Tree. Size told me there was a ton of other stuff taking up space, such as Adobe. Patch. Files, Speech. Analysis. Models and a few Local. Store folders. Most of them would probably never get used — no sense keeping them all on my precious SSD drive! If I could move it all to one of my larger- capacity 7. RPM drives, I wouldn’t have to worry about space and the performance would be “good enough” considering how often the files would be accessed. Typing folders into a command prompt didn’t really do it for me, though — not to mention mklink doesn’t seem to work if there’s a space in the folder name, such as “Program Files (x. My salvation came from the wonderful Junction Link Magic! A mere 1. 0 minutes later, I had freed up an additional 6. GB of space. Long live the Symbolic Link!
The Catalogue - WLC Auctions. Your feedback has been received. With Carlos Amezcua, Curtis Armstrong, Robert Benz, Todd Berger. During a three day heat wave just before a huge 4th of July celebration, an action star stricken with. ![]() ![]() US tech giants like Google, Amazon, Apple and Facebook which do business in the European Union have long. avoided paying billions in taxes on their European.![]() Microsoft Access 2013 database management software for Microsoft Office 2013, including Microsoft Access 2013 has been updated with the changes. It was a jam-packed episode of Game of Thrones this week, and there’s a lot to talk about. Let’s get into it, with another bonus episode of Kotaku Splitscreen. Peer Reviewed Journal. Abstract: Nanoparticles synthesis by biological. In this research, Silver. Ag- NPs) were synthesized from. Na F1 2010 terá jogadores na grade, completa expandida em uma variedade de modos de jogo incluindo o Grand Prix, Campeonato, Time Trial e extensa, o modo de. Ag. NO3 solution by green synthesis process with. The. detailed characterization of the Ag NPs were. UV- visible spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy. X- ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Dynamic. DLS) analysis, and their. Real world got you bummed out? Steam users recommend Slime Rancher.![]() ![]() Escherichia coli. The UV- visible spectroscopy. The DLS analysis. SEM. analysis showed the morphology of. The elemental composition of. EDS. analysis. Antibacterial assay of synthesized Ag. NP was carried out in solid (Nutrient Agar). E. coli. The presence of. Key words: MAntibacterial assay, eco- friendly. Reference[1] Kim, S. W., Nam, S. H. and An, Y. J.. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with. Caenorhabditis. elegans. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 7. Hussain, S. M., Hess, K. L., Gearhart, J. M.. Geiss, K. T. and Schlager, J. J., In vitro. toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3. A rat. liver cells. Toxicol In Vitro, 1. Premanathan, M., Karthikeyan, K.. Jeyasubramanian, K. Manivannan, G.. Selective toxicity of Zn. O nanoparticles. toward Gram- positive bacteria and cancer. Nanomedicine, 7 (2), 2. Srivastava, M., Singh, S. Self, W. T.. Exposure to silver nanoparticles inhibits. Environ Health. Perspect, 1. Nagy, A., Harrison, A., Sabbani, S.. Munson, R. S., Jr., Dutta, P. K. and. Waldman, W. J., Silver nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine, 6, 2. Bhumkar, D. R., Joshi, H. M., Sastry, M. and Pokharkar, V. B., Chitosan reduced. Pharm. Res, 2. 4 (8), 2. Arunachalam, R., Dhanasingh, S.. Kalimuthu, B., Uthirappan, M., Rose, C. Mandal, A. B., Phytosynthesis of silver. Coccinia grandis leaf. Colloids Surf B. Biointerfaces, 9. Patil, R. S., Kokate, M. R. and Kolekar, S. S.. Bioinspired synthesis of highly stabilized. Ocimum. tenuiflorum leaf extract and their. Spectrochim Acta A. Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 9. C, 2. 01. 1, 2. 34- . Kumar, R., Roopan, S. M., Prabhakarn, A.. Khanna, V. G. and Chakroborty, S.. Agricultural waste Annona squamosa peel. Biosynthesis of silver. Spectrochim Acta A Mol. Biomol Spectrosc, 9. Natrajan, Kannan, Subbalaxmi Selvaraj. V. R. Ramamurthy. Microbial. production of silver nanoparticles. Digest. Journal of Nanomaterials and. Biostructures 5(1), 2. Slime Rancher, As Told By Steam Reviews. Ease. US Data Recovery Wizard Professional 6. FULL + Serial)“Ease. US Data Recovery Wizard Professional does an amazing job on format recovery, unformat, deleted files recovery or lost data due to partition loss or damage, software crash, virus infection, unexpected shutdown or any other unknown reasons when the data loss disaster strikes, especially when you want to recover data from formatted drive. It provides the most comprehensive data recovery solution for computer users to recover lost data”Opportunities EASEUS Data Recovery Wizard: Support for dynamic disks. Ability to recover Linux files from Windows. Recovers compressed and encrypted files on partitions NTFS. Recover data from i. Pod. EASEUS Data Recovery Wizard Professional generates a disk image to restore. Option to resume the process from the last stopping point. Supported file systems FAT1. ![]() Welcome to West Coast Fly Fishing and Light Tackle Adventures, your best bet for a Tarpon Springs fishing charter. Whether you are a novice or a seasoned angler, you. FAT1. 6, VFAT, FAT3. NTFS/NTFS5, EXT2 and EXT3. Supports hard disks with an IDE / ATA, SATA, SCSI, USB, IEEE1. Support for external storage media: floppy disks, USB flash drives, digital cameras, digital audio players, etc. Support for long file names. Preview recoverable files. ENJOY this FULL Software Ease. US Data Recovery Wizard Professional 6. Working Serial for Windows users.
Crack/Keygen/Patch Archives • Softasm. Keys for ESET, Kaspersky, Avast, Dr. Web, Avira 0. 9. 1. Internet security programs in the world. This pack includes all the registration keys for permanent and long- period activation of security software. Software Version: 5. Type of medicine: Keys and serials. Collection of keys for popular antivirus including: – Kaspersky Antivirus 2. License keys– Crack Kaspersky Internet Security 2. Crack for … Download Now. Cracking WPA2- PSK Passwords Using Aircrack- Ng « Null Byte : : Wonder. How. To. Welcome back, my greenhorn hackers. When Wi- Fi was first developed in the late 1. How to use Reaver to crack WPA2 Passwords with a 99% success rate. Get free Adobe cs6 master collection Mac full version for Mac OS X Yosemite - Crack solutions with Keygen, Serials and Path - free torrent download link! When looking for a USB adapter for Backtrack 5 or Kali Linux, the main thing to look for is the chipset the wireless USB adapter uses. Here are chipsets known to work. ![]() Wired Equivalent Privacy was created to give wireless communications confidentiality. WEP, as it became known, proved terribly flawed and easily cracked. You can read more about that in my beginner's guide to hacking Wi- Fi. As a replacement, most wireless access points now use Wi- Fi Protected Access II with a pre- shared key for wireless security, known as WPA2- PSK. ![]() WPA2 uses a stronger encryption algorithm, AES, that's very difficult to crack—but not impossible. My beginner's Wi- Fi hacking guide also gives more information on this. The weakness in the WPA2- PSK system is that the encrypted password is shared in what is known as the 4- way handshake. When a client authenticates to the access point (AP), the client and the AP go through a 4- step process to authenticate the user to the AP. If we can grab the password at that time, we can then attempt to crack it. Image via Shutterstock. In this tutorial from our Wi- Fi Hacking series, we'll look at using aircrack- ng and a dictionary attack on the encrypted password after grabbing it in the 4- way handshake. If you're looking for a faster way, I suggest you also check out my article on hacking WPA2- PSK passwords using co. WPAtty. Step 1: Put Wi- Fi Adapter in Monitor Mode with Airmon- Ng. Let's start by putting our wireless adapter in monitor mode. Need a wireless network adapter? Buy the Best Wireless Network Adapter for Wi- Fi Hacking in 2. For this to work, we'll need to use a compatible wireless network adapter. Check out our 2. 01. Kali Linux and Backtrack compatible wireless network adapters in the link above, or you can grab our most popular adapter for beginners here. A roundup of Kali Linux compatible wireless network adapters. Image by SADMIN/Null Byte. This is similar to putting a wired adapter into promiscuous mode. It allows us to see all of the wireless traffic that passes by us in the air. Let's open a terminal and type: Note that airmon- ng has renamed your wlan. Step 2: Capture Traffic with Airodump- Ng. Now that our wireless adapter is in monitor mode, we have the capability to see all the wireless traffic that passes by in the air. We can grab that traffic by simply using the airodump- ng command. This command grabs all the traffic that your wireless adapter can see and displays critical information about it, including the BSSID (the MAC address of the AP), power, number of beacon frames, number of data frames, channel, speed, encryption (if any), and finally, the ESSID (what most of us refer to as the SSID). Let's do this by typing: Note all of the visible APs are listed in the upper part of the screen and the clients are listed in the lower part of the screen. Step 3: Focus Airodump- Ng on One AP on One Channel. Our next step is to focus our efforts on one AP, on one channel, and capture critical data from it. We need the BSSID and channel to do this. Let's open another terminal and type: airodump- ng - -bssid 0. WPAcrack mon. 00. BSSID of the AP- c 6 is the channel the AP is operating on. WPAcrack is the file you want to write tomon. As you can see in the screenshot above, we're now focusing on capturing data from one AP with a ESSID of Belkin. The Belkin. 27. 6 is probably a default SSID, which are prime targets for wireless hacking as the users that leave the default ESSID usually don't spend much effort securing their AP. Step 4: Aireplay- Ng Deauth. In order to capture the encrypted password, we need to have the client authenticate against the AP. If they're already authenticated, we can de- authenticate them (kick them off) and their system will automatically re- authenticate, whereby we can grab their encrypted password in the process. Let's open another terminal and type: aireplay- ng - -deauth 1. BSSID of the APmon. Step 5: Capture the Handshake. In the previous step, we bounced the user off their own AP, and now when they re- authenticate, airodump- ng will attempt to grab their password in the new 4- way handshake. Let's go back to our airodump- ng terminal and check to see whether or not we've been successful. Notice in the top line to the far right, airodump- ng says "WPA handshake." This is the way it tells us we were successful in grabbing the encrypted password! That is the first step to success! Step 6: Let's Aircrack- Ng That Password! Now that we have the encrypted password in our file WPAcrack, we can run that file against aircrack- ng using a password file of our choice. Remember that this type of attack is only as good as your password file. I'll be using the default password list included with aircrack- ng on Back. Track named darkc. Ode. We'll now attempt to crack the password by opening another terminal and typing: aircrack- ng WPAcrack- 0. WPAcrack- 0. 1. cap is the name of the file we wrote to in the airodump- ng command/pentest/passwords/wordlist/darkc. How Long Will It Take? This process can be relatively slow and tedious. Depending upon the length of your password list, you could be waiting a few minutes to a few days. On my dual core 2. Intel processor, it's capable of testing a little over 5. That works out to about 1. Your results will vary. When the password is found, it'll appear on your screen. Remember, the password file is critical. Try the default password file first and if it's not successful, advance to a larger, more complete password file such as one of these. Stay Tuned for More Wireless Hacking Guides. Keep coming back, as I promise more advanced methods of hacking wireless in future tutorials. If you haven't seen the other Wi- Fi hacking guides yet, check them out here. Particularly the one on hacking WEP using aircrack- ng and hacking WPA2- PSK passwords using co. WPAtty. If you're looking for a cheap, handy platform to get started working with aircrack, check out our Kali Linux Raspberry Pi build using the $3. Raspberry Pi. A beginner Wi- Fi hacking kit. Image by SADMIN/Null Byte. Get Started Hacking Today: Set Up a Headless Raspberry Pi Hacking Platform Running Kali Linux. And as always, if you have questions on any of this, please ask away in the comments below. If it's something unrelated, try asking in the Null Byte forum. Cover image via Shutterstock. |
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